Synthesis and anti-intracellular Copper overload evaluation of Nanoconjugated D-penicillamine -Dendrimer in Wilson's model cells

Background and Objective: Wilson's disease [WD] is caused by mutation to the cooer-transporting gene ATP7B. Chelation therapy is the main protochol of treatment for patients with Wilson's disease. D-penicillamine is one of the well-known chelator agants which is used in WD treatment but it can not enter into the intracellular space.This study was done to evaluate the synthesis and anti-intracellular Copper overload evaluation of Nanoconjugated D-penicillamine -Dendrimer in Wilson's model cells

Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, initially 0.01 mm polyethylene glycol [PEG] and 0.0018 mm citric acid, Dendrimer was synthesized. After purification by dialysis bag and lyophilization, lOmg dendrimer was conjugated to 3.3mg D-penicillamine. Nanoconjugated D-penicillamine-dendrimer was injected on Wilson's model cells. After incubation and centrifugation intracellular measurement of copper concentration and FTIR test were done

Results: Copper accumulation significantly reduced in the HepG2 WD cell by Nanoconjugated D-penicillamine - Dendrimer in compared to D-penicillamine [P<0.05]. Copper accumulation was determined to be 46.61, MTT assay showed no toxicological damage in HepG2 WD cell

Conclusion: Nanoconjugated D-penicillamine -Dendrimer can reduces intracellular concentration of Copper

Comparison of different advanced oxidation processes degrading p-chlorophenol in aqueous solution

In present study, degradation of p-chlorophenol using several oxidation systems involving advanced oxidation processes such as ultraviolet/H[2]O[2], microwave/H[2]O[2] and both in the absence of hydrogen peroxide in batch mode by photolytic pilot plant and modified domestic microwave oven was evaluated. The oxidation rate was influenced by many factors, such as the pH value, the amount of hydrogen peroxide, irradiation time and microwave power. The optimum conditions obtained for the best degradation rate were pH=7 and H[2]O[2] concentration of 0.05 mol/L for ultraviolet/H[2]O[2] system and pH=10.5, H[2]O[2] concentration of about 0.1 mol/L and microwave irradiation power of about 600W for microwave/H[2]O[2] system at constant p-chlorophenol concentration. The degradation of p-chlorophenol by different types of oxidation processes followed first order rate decay kinetics. The rate constants were 0.137,0.012,0.02 and 0.004/min[1] for ultraviolet/H[2]O[2], microwave/H[2]O[2], ultraviolet and microwave irradiation alone, respectively. Finally a comparison of the specific energy consumption showed that ultraviolet/ H[2]O[2] process reduced the energy consumption by at least 67% compared with the microwave H[2]O[2] process

Effects of 4-chlorophenol loadings on acclimation of biomass with optimized fixed time sequencing batch reactor

Chlorinated phenols in many industrial effluents are usually difficult to be removed by conventional biological treatment processes. Performance of the aerobic sequencing batch reactor treating 4-chlorophenol containing wastewater at different loadings rates from 0.0075 to 1.2 g4CP/L.d was evaluated. The sequencing batch reactor was operated with fill, react, settle and decant phases in the order of 10:370:90:10 min, respectively, for a cycle time of 8 h at 10 days solid retention time and 16 h hydraulic retention time in the stable period. The effects of 4-chlorophenol loadings on the 4-chlorophenol and chemical oxygen demand removal percents, yield coefficient [Y], biomass variation and sludge volume index were investigated. High chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies [95 +/- 3.5%] and approximately complete 4-chlorophenol removal [>99%] were observed even in the absence of growth substrate. The degradation of 4-chlorophenol led to formation of 5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, which was more oxidized, indicating complete disappearance of 4-chlorophenol via meta-cleavage pathway. A compact sludge with excellent settleability [sludge volume index=47 +/- 6.1 mL/g] developed during entire acclimation period. High removal efficiencies with sequencing batch reactor may be due to enforced short term unsteady state conditions coupled with periodic exposure of the microorganisms to defined process conditions which facilitate the required metabolic pathways for treating xenobiotics containing wastewater

Performance evaluation of an anaerobic baffled reactor treating wheat flour starch industry wastewater

Feasibility of the anaerobic baffled reactor process was investigated for the treatment of wheat flour starch wastewater. After removal of suspended solids by simple gravity settling, starch wastewater was used as a feed. Start-up of a reactor [with a volume of 13.5 L and five compartments] with diluted feed of approximately 4500 mg/L chemical oxygen demand was accomplished in about 9 weeks using seed sludge from anaerobic digester of municipal wastewater treatment plant. The reactor with hydraulic retention time of 72h at 35°C and initial organic loading rate of 1.2 kgCOD/m3.d showed 61% COD removal efficiency. The best performance of reactor was observed with an organic loading rate of 2.5 kgCOD/m3.d or hydraulic retention time of 2.45 d and the COD conversion of 67% was achieved. The system also showed very high solids retention with effluent suspended solids concentration of about 50 mg/L for most organic and hydraulic loadings studied. Based on these observations, the ABR process has potential to treat food industrial wastewater as a pretreatment and is applicable for extreme environmental conditions